From M/Cyclopedia of New Media
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Emma PH Chow
Sub Topics
Music File Sharing Effects on Business- Artists
Music File Sharing Effects on Business- Consumer Access
Music File Sharing Effects on Business- Copyright and Intellectual Property
Music File Sharing Effects on Business- Napster Case Study
Music File Sharing Effects on Business- Record Industry
Group Project
http://newmediawiki.ci.qut.edu.au/index.php/Music_File_Sharing
My Contribution
Annotated Bibliography
by Emma Chow
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) File Sharing & The Effects on Publics
Agence France-Presse (2001): "File-Sharing allows children to access pornography on Internet Study," Agence France-Presse retrieved August 10, 2004, from http://global.factiva.com.gateway.library.qut.edu.au/en/arch/print_results.asp
- Pornography. Pornography is a serious concern for many parents in the age of file sharing, and this article demonstrates easy access to upload pornographic images. One of the negative impacts of peer-to-peer file sharing is the availability of a wide range of unregulated sources on the internet. The simplicity of uploading is one problem as stated in the article, and the credibility of the article is supported by direct quotes from an American Republican Congressman. The article also uses many examples to present the availability and easy-to-access free pornography on-line. It also stresses how when children (the primary public within this article) are downloading music, the generated results more often-than-not result in links to pornographic sites. This is a useful article in understanding some of the negative effects generated from file sharing services.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
Berman, D.K.(2000) "With Technology Like This, Who Needs Napster?" Business Week, iss.3694, pp.121.
- Changes in Information Consumption. Although this article was written in 2000, it still contains relevant information to the topic. Such include the author’s description of how the consumption of information will change in time and describes the movement towards a digitised society. As a result, this sheds light on the growth in opportunity to download movies, books and music. Dennis Berman also provides the reader with two potential information retrieving sites of AppleSoup and Lighshare, which the author describes to be “copyright friendly�. Berman also gives mention to Free net, another file sharing service. The effects of Napster are evident in all three services. One of the more substantial problems with file sharing is the issue of copyright. This effect is also discussed within the article. Thus, the publics for this article are all users of file sharing, including potential users.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
Bruns, A. (2003) From Blogs to Open News: Notes towards a Taxonomy of P2P Publications, Brisbane: ANZCA 2003 [Conference Paper, 9-11 July 2003] retrieved 6 August, 2004 from http://www.bgsb.qut.edu.au/conferences/ANZCA03/Proceedings/papers/bruns_full.pdf
- Development of File Sharing. The effects of peer-to-peer file sharing are discussed at length throughout this paper, and material is of relevance to the topic at hand. Pages 2, 7, 9 to 11 are of extreme value in understanding the degree of file sharing. Page 2 consists of the Introduction and introduces the reader to music and software file sharing and a “proliferation� of peer-to-peer services. Dr. Axel Bruns details the different peer-to-peer forms, and provides a definition of what peer-to-peer really is. This is of use for it paves the way to understanding the effects of file sharing by first informing the reader of the general concepts and ideas in the file sharing services. Page 7 is important for it describes what open new is; a result of file sharing whereby anyone can be a producer and editor of material, thus changing the way information is transmitted and used. This is further discussed on page 9. From pages 9 to 11, Bruns presents insightful arguments on the influences of peer-to-peer publishing and the legal “challenges� of such. The publics within this are users and potential users of file sharing services.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
Cohen, A. (2000) "The Infoanarchist," Time South Pacific, iss.25, pp.40-42.
- Freenet. Freenet is described to be the next generation of Napster-like programs; a pioneer in file sharing services. This is an insightful article about the development of Freenet, and its history. The author, Adam Cohen illustrates some of the negative effects of file sharing, such include drug dealing, terrorists, child pornography and as a service which poses a new degree of threat to intellectual property. It is a detailed article on Freenet and its potential impact on the future of peer-to-peer file sharing. The author also provides useful explanations for Napster, Gnutella, MP3.com, and Freenet. Thus, publics of Freenet are those who upload information and those who download.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
Cunningham, S., Turner, G. (2002) The Media and Communications in Australia, Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1865086746
- Music Distribution sans Record Companies?. Pages 241 to 243 illustrates the debate of file sharing between music industries and record artists. The argument presents record industries in an unfavourable light through Hole vocalist, Courtney Love. This article also offers an insight into the world of piracy through Napster’s court case, as well as a glimpse into the future of music distribution. An interesting point presented on page 242 details how the arrangement between "Net distribution companies" and musicians has allowed the latter to earn more money. This is a useful article for it outlines the possibility of music distribution sans “physical properties�. Key publics are the Music Industry, Artists and users of file sharing services.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
Hamilton, A. (2003) "Napster Turns Legit," Time vol.162, iss.9, p.68.
- Return of the Napster. The article by Anita Hamilton focuses on was-free music distributor, Napster’s re-emergence onto the on-line scene. This is a useful article for it traces, though very briefly, the history of Napster and focuses more on the future of the now pay-for-service Napster will provide. It is important for the topic for it depicts the impact of copyright laws and intellectual property as important to protect. The article also mentions that Napster will use a system new to the industry and reveals many companies such as Amazon and Microsoft are seeking to venture into this file-sharing, potential “revenue churning� on-line sharing music business.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
Hartley, J. (2002) Communication, Cultural and Media Studies, 3rd ed., London: Routledge, ISBN 0415268893
- Key Concepts. This is a useful source in understanding the key concepts for the topic. Such terms include Copyright (pp.41-42), Intellectual Property (pp.118-120), MP3 (p.150), and Online Music Distribution (pp.168-167). For example, John Hartley’s explanation of copyright outlines the importance of the law as an incentive for fresh and innovative ideas, at the same time, the author stresses the importance of access to information in regards to the internet. Under the MP3 concept, Hartley discusses the impact of a key on-line music distributor, Napster. This is an important service to understand for it was fundamental in the development of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing. The small, detailed definitions composed by Hartley are also key concepts within media studies. In addition, they are required knowledge so as to gain further understanding of the meanings of file sharing and the legal issues involved with such a process.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
- Kazaa (2004) Retrieved August 5, 2004, from http://www.kazaa.com/us/index.htm
- Kazaa. This is a useful website to understand the workings of music, movies, games, software, images and documents file sharing on the internet. The difference between Kazaa and the newly reformed Napster is that the former remains a free music download service. The website provides links so as to appear children friendly and also educational. Such links include a demo, information about what peer-to-peer is, and perhaps the most important is the link for parents about how the website works and how to protect their children. This is an interesting site to familiarise one self with in the study of the effects of peer-to-peer technology for Kazaa clearly represents itself as socially responsible in the world of child pornography. It is also important to note its virus protection service.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
Kover, A.(2000) "Napster: The Hot Idea of the Year," Fortune, vol.142, iss.1, pp. 129-134.
- Napster & Gnutella. Amy Kover provides a detailed, in-depth history of Napster and its influence and effect on other file sharing services. Although it was written in 2000, it outlines the effects of file sharing that have thus far been evident. Such is the case of greater demand for faster internet connections. Kover employs a straightforward approach in explaining technical jargon, thus enabling the least computer literate to understand. Gnutella is also introduced and the author differentiates the file sharing technology with Napster. She also provides a brief summary of the history of Gnutella and its present function. Another useful point discussed in this article is that of the music industry. This public of file sharing, as the author examines, is also seeking a piece of the file sharing pie. Although information in this article is also seen in other sources, it provides evidence of the vast array of effects file sharing has generated in a simple manner.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
Lohr, S.(2004) "Software Groups Enters Fray Over Proposed Piracy Law," The New York Times, 19 Jul., p.C.8.
- Impact of Bill on Innovative Ideas. Relatively recent, this article discusses the issues of piracy; a generated effect of internet file sharing. Although this article focuses on American law and policy, it still provides substantial information on the growing concerns within the music industry, and other major industries such as software and film. The author provides a summary of a previous copyright/ piracy case (Betamax Case) between Sony and Universal City Studios. Steven Lohr discusses the impact the potential will have. Outlining that if the bill does proceed and succeed, other copyright suits will surface and the negative effects on innovative technological ideas. This is a credible and informative article which uses interviews with the likes of the Vice President for Enforcement at Business Software Alliance and a Director of Research for IDC.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
Napster (2004) Retrieved August 5, 2004, from http://www.napster.com/
- Napster. In 2001, the original Napster was, by law, no longer allowed to operate due to copyright infringement. Since then, it has been bought and redeveloped into a pay-to-use service for downloading music. However, this site remains relevant to the topic for it was a pioneer in the peer-to-peer file sharing service. Napster and Kazaa share similar social responsibilities for promoting a child-safe environment by providing information to parents; a result of the growing concern of child pornography. Such publics reached by Napster include children, parents, music industries and their respective artists, and those who download music.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
- Pike, G. H., (2004) "The Wages of Sin," Information Technology, vol.21, iss.4, pp.15-17.
- Legal Issues. In the article, author George Pike dissects the issues of copyright law suits in regards to cases. Such is the effect of peer-to-peer file sharing. Pike demonstrates the differences between merely photocopying information to uploading on web sites. The magnitude of the effect is detailed under four broad categories of ‘Million-Dollar Damages’, ‘Infringement Damages’, ‘Wilful Infringement’, and ‘Ignorance Is No Longer Bliss’. This is a helpful article in further understanding the issues of piracy and violation of copyright law. Examples provided by Pike are useful in further understanding the results of cases.
Emma Pi-Hui Chow 17:58, 13 Aug 2004 (EST)
